Encryption key management is the set of processes used to create, protect, distribute, rotate, back up, and revoke cryptographic keys. These keys are what make encryption useful: if attackers obtain them, encrypted data can become readable even if the ciphertext itself is intact. Good key management is therefore as important as strong encryption algorithms.
In practice, organizations store keys in hardware security modules, key management services, or tightly controlled vaults, and they limit who can use or export them. Attackers often target keys directly through phishing, stolen admin credentials, cloud misconfigurations, or malware on systems that decrypt data on demand. Defenders reduce that risk with rotation, access logging, separation of duties, and rapid revocation when compromise is suspected. In cloud exits or digital repatriation, key ownership is critical: if a provider controls the keys, the organization may not truly control its data.