An effective-access graph maps which users can actually reach data by combining direct permissions with access inherited through folders, groups, roles, or other relationships. Unlike a list of permissions on a single file, it shows how those paths add up for each identity.
In cyber security, this view helps teams find oversharing, stale group membership, and indirect access that may be missed in routine reviews. It can support least-privilege cleanup and help assess whether an AI assistant or other connected service could surface information a user is already authorized to access. The graph does not itself grant or block access; organizations should verify its findings against enforcement at the data source and connected applications.