Browser notifications are alerts that a website can send through a browser after the user grants permission. They may appear even when the site is no longer open, making them useful for updates but also a persistent channel for unwanted messages.
In cyber attacks, scammers can abuse notification permission to send repeated fake antivirus warnings or deceptive security prompts designed to create urgency and drive clicks. Defenders can limit this abuse by reviewing or revoking site permissions, while browsers may use scam or reputation detections to block notifications from suspicious sites. Permission does not make a message trustworthy: users should verify alerts through the relevant service rather than follow unexpected prompts.