MOIS stands for the Ministry of Intelligence and Security, which is Iran’s primary intelligence agency. Established in 1984, MOIS is responsible for both domestic and international intelligence gathering, counterintelligence, and cyber operations. The agency plays a significant role in Iran’s national security strategy, including surveillance, espionage, and cyber activities targeting foreign and domestic adversaries. MOIS has been linked to various cyber espionage campaigns and cyberattacks against governments, organizations, and individuals worldwide. Its operations often aim to advance Iran’s geopolitical interests, suppress dissent, and counter perceived threats. Due to its activities, MOIS is subject to international sanctions and is considered a major actor in global cyber operations.