Firmware is specialized software embedded directly into hardware devices, such as routers, printers, or smartphones. It controls the device's basic functions and ensures it operates correctly by providing low-level control for the device's specific hardware. Unlike regular software, firmware is stored in non-volatile memory, meaning it remains intact even when the device is powered off. Firmware updates are sometimes necessary to fix bugs, patch security vulnerabilities, or add new features, making it a crucial component for both device functionality and security.