Defensive monitoring refers to the employer-initiated surveillance of digital activities within an organization’s network. This practice is legally permitted only when there is a specific suspicion of misconduct, such as data theft, policy violation, or unauthorized access attempts. Unlike routine monitoring, defensive monitoring is reactive and targeted, triggered by concrete evidence or credible suspicion rather than general oversight. It involves collecting, analyzing, and preserving digital evidence to identify, prevent, or respond to security incidents. Defensive monitoring must comply with privacy laws and organizational policies, ensuring that surveillance is justified, proportionate, and documented. This approach helps organizations protect sensitive information while respecting employee privacy rights.