Cyber espionage is the practice of using computers, networks, or digital tools to secretly access and gather sensitive information from individuals, organizations, or governments without their permission. This information can include trade secrets, intellectual property, confidential communications, or government data. Cyber espionage is often conducted by nation-states, criminal groups, or competitors seeking an advantage. Unlike traditional espionage, which relies on physical infiltration or human spies, cyber espionage exploits vulnerabilities in digital systems to remain undetected and can have significant economic, political, or security impacts.